Magic darts and messenger molecules: Toward a phytoethnography of indigenous Amazonia
LEWIS DALY
Social anthropologist and ethnobotanist who lectures in environmental anthropology at University College London (UCL). Lewis is currently working on a series of articles on human-plant engagements in Makushi culture and cosmology. He is co-editor of the online magazine TEA: The Ethnobotanical Assembly.
Search for more papers by this authorGLENN SHEPARD JR
Ethnobotanist, medical anthropologist and film-maker based at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) in Belém, Brazil. He is engaged in fieldwork among the Matsigenka people of southern Peru, studying traditional medicine, health status, ethnobiology and community-based resource management. He is currently working on a monograph entitled ‘Sorcery and the senses'. He blogs at Notes from the Ethnoground (ethnoground.blogspot.com).
Search for more papers by this authorLEWIS DALY
Social anthropologist and ethnobotanist who lectures in environmental anthropology at University College London (UCL). Lewis is currently working on a series of articles on human-plant engagements in Makushi culture and cosmology. He is co-editor of the online magazine TEA: The Ethnobotanical Assembly.
Search for more papers by this authorGLENN SHEPARD JR
Ethnobotanist, medical anthropologist and film-maker based at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) in Belém, Brazil. He is engaged in fieldwork among the Matsigenka people of southern Peru, studying traditional medicine, health status, ethnobiology and community-based resource management. He is currently working on a monograph entitled ‘Sorcery and the senses'. He blogs at Notes from the Ethnoground (ethnoground.blogspot.com).
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Recent scientific findings on plant intelligence are forcing anthropologists to reconsider indigenous theories of plant vitality. In this article, the authors compare original ethnographic and ethnobotanical research among two different peoples from opposite extremes of lowland South America – the Makushi of Guyana and the Matsigenka of southern Peru – and explore how somatic experiences and the chemosensory properties of plants permeate indigenous understandings of the aetiology of illness and medical efficacy in both the cosmological and microbiological domains. The authors synthesize emerging theory in ecosemiotics, embodiment, plant personhood and plant intelligence with the concept of ‘sensory ecology’ to recast multispecies ethnography as a phytochemical as well as a philosophical endeavour.
References
- Abraão, M. et al. 2008. Ethnobotanical ground-truthing: Indigenous knowledge, floristic inventories and satellite imagery in the upper Rio Negro, Brazil. Journal of Biogeography 35(12): 2237–2248.
- M. Brightman & J. Lewis (eds) 2017. The anthropology of sustainability: Beyond development and progress. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
10.1057/978-1-137-56636-2 Google Scholar
- Butt Colson, A. 2001. Itoto (kanaima) as death and anti-structure. In Rival & Whitehead (2001).
- Chaumeil, J.P. 1993. Del proyectil al virus: El complejo de dardos-mágicos en el chamanismo del oeste Amazónico. In C.E. Pinzon (ed.) Cultura y salud en la construcción de las Américas, 261–277. Bogota: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología.
- Conklin, B.A & L.R. Graham 1995. The shifting middle ground: Amazonian Indians and eco-politics. American Anthropologist (N.S.) 97(4): 695–710.
- Daly, L. 2015. What kind of people are plants? The challenges of researching human-plant relations in Amazonia. Engagement (blog), December. https://aesengagement.wordpress.com/2015/12/08/what-kind-of-people-are-plants-the-challenges-of-researching-human-plant-relations-in-amazonian-guyana/.
- Daly, L. 2016. Cassava spirit and the seed of history. Commodity histories blog, February. http://www.commodityhistories.org/research/cassava-spirit-and-seed-history.
- Daly, L. et al. 2016. Integrating ontology into ethnobotanical research. Journal of Ethnobiology 36(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-36.1.1.
- de Oliveira, J.C. 2016. Mundos de roças e florestas. Boletim Do Museo Paraense Emílio Goedi, Ciěncias Humanas 11(1): 115–131.
10.1590/1981.81222016000100007 Google Scholar
- Descola, P. 2013. Beyond nature and culture (trans.). J. Lloyd. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Desphande, S.S. 2002. Handbook of food toxicology. New York: Marcel Dekker.
- Gagliano, M. et al. 2018. Plants learn and remember: Lets get used to it. Oecologia 106(1): 29–31.
- Gottlieb, O.R. & M.R. de M.B. Borin 2005. Insights into evolutionary systems via chemobiological data. In E. Elisabetsky & N. Etkin (eds) Ethnopharmacology: Encyclopedia of life support systems, 25–70. Oxford: UNESCO/Eolss Publishers.
- Haraway, D. 2008. When species meet. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Hartigan Jr, J. 2017. Care of the species: Races of corn and the science of plant biodiversity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
10.5749/minnesota/9780816685301.001.0001 Google Scholar
- A.W. Hayes (ed.) 2008. Principles and methods of toxicology. ( 5th edition). New York: Informa Health Care.
- Herdt, G. 1981. Guardians of the flutes, vol. 1; Idioms of masculinity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Hustak, C. & N. Myers 2012. Involutionary momentum: Affective ecologies and the sciences of plant/insect encounters. Differences 23(3): 74–118.
- Hutukara Association 2015. Manual of traditional Yanomami remedies. Boa Vista, Brazil: Hutukara Associação Yanomami.
- Ingold, T. 2013. Anthropology beyond humanity. Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 38(3): 5–23.
- Kawa, N. 2016. How religion, race, and the weedy agency of plants shape Amazonian home gardens. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment 38(2): 84–93.
- Kirksey, E. & S. Helmreich 2010. The emergence of multispecies ethnography. Cultural Anthropology 25(4): 545–576.
- Kohn, E. 2013. How forests think: Toward an anthropology beyond the human. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
10.1525/california/9780520276109.001.0001 Google Scholar
- Konno, K. et al. 2014. Synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect. PLOS One 9(3): 1–7.
- Kopenawa, D. & B. Albert 2013. The falling sky: Words of a Yanomami shaman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10.4159/harvard.9780674726116 Google Scholar
- Lévi-Strauss, C. 1966. The savage mind. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
- Loomis, I. 2017. Trees in the Amazon make their own rain. Science, 4 August. doi:10.1126/science.aan7209.
- Lovejoy, T.E. & C. Nobre 2018. Amazon tipping point. Science Advances 4(2): eaat2340.
- Luna, L.E. 1984. The concept of plants as teachers among four mestizo shamans of Iquitos, northeastern Peru. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 11(11): 135–156.
- Myers, N. 2015. Conversations on plant sensing: Notes from the field. NatureCulture 3: 35–66.
- Myers, N. 2017. From the Anthropocene to the Planthroposcene: Designing gardens for plant/people involution. History and Anthropology 28(3): 297–301.
- Plowman, T.C. et al. 1990. Significance of the fungus Balansia cyperi infecting medicinal species of Cyperus (Cyperaceae) from Amazonia. Economic Botany 44(4): 452–462.
- Pollan, M. 2013. The intelligent plant. The New Yorker 89: 92–105.
- Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. 1976. Cosmology as ecological analysis: A view from the rain forest. Man 11(3): 307–318.
- Rival, L. 2001. Seed and clone: The symbolic and social significance of bitter manioc cultivation. In Rival & Whitehead (2001).
- Rival, L. 2012. Animism and the meanings of life: Reflections from Amazonia. In M. Brightman et al. (eds) Animism in rainforest and tundra: Personhood, animals, plants, and things in contemporary Amazonia and Siberia. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
- L. Rival & N. Whitehead (eds) 2001. Beyond the visible and the material: The Amerindianization of society in the work of Peter Rivière. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Rivière, P. 1994. WYSINWYG in Amazonia. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 25(3): 255–262.
- Santos-Granero, F. 2012. Being and people-making in native Amazonia: A constructional approach with a perspectival coda. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 2(1): 181–211.
10.14318/hau2.1.010 Google Scholar
- Schultes, R.E. & R.F. Raffauf 1990. The healing forest: Medicinal and toxic plants of the northwest Amazon. Portland: Dioscorides Press.
- Shapiro, N. & E. Kirksey 2017. Chemo-ethnography: An introduction. Cultural Anthropology 32(4): 481–493.
- Shepard Jr, G.H. 1999. Shamanism and diversity: A Matsigenka perspective. In D.A Posey (ed.) Cultural and spiritual values of biodiversity, 93–95. London: United Nations Environmental Programme and Intermediate Technology Publication.
- Shepard Jr, G.H. 2002. Primates in Matsigenka subsistence and worldview. In A. Fuentes & L. Wolfe (eds) Primates face to face: The conservation implications of human and non-human primate interconnections, 101–136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9780511542404.010 Google Scholar
- Shepard Jr, G.H. 2004. A sensory ecology of medicinal plant therapy in two societies. American Anthropologist 106: 252–266.
- Shepard Jr, G.H. 2015. Agony and ecstasy in the Amazon: Tobacco, pain and the hummingbird shamans of Peru. Broad Street 2(1): 5–20.
- Shepard Jr, G.H. 2018. Spirit bodies, plant teachers, and messenger molecules in Amazonian shamanism. In D. McKenna (ed.) Ethnopharmacologic search for psychoactive drugs, II: 50 years of research (1967–2017), 70–81. Santa Fe: Synergetic Press.
- Swanson, H.A. 2017. Methods for multispecies anthropology: Thinking with salmon otoliths and scales. Social Analysis 61(2): 81–99.
- Taylor, A. 1996. The soul's body and its states: An Amazonian perspective on the nature of being human. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 2(2): 201–215.
- Trewavas, A. 2003. Aspects of plant intelligence. Annals of Botany 92: 1–20.
- Tsing, A.L. 2015. The mushroom at the end of the world: On the possibility of life in capitalist ruins. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
10.1515/9781400873548 Google Scholar
- A.L. Tsing et al. (eds) 2017. Arts of living on a damaged planet: Ghosts and monsters of the Anthropocene. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- van Andel, T. et al. 2015. The use of Amerindian charm plants in the Guianas. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 11: 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-015-0048-9.
- Vilaça, A. 2002. Making kin out of others in Amazonia. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 8: 347–365.
- Viveiros de Castro, E. 1998. Cosmological deixis and Amerindian perspectivism. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 4: 469–488.
- Whitehead, 2002. Dark shamans: Kanaimà and the poetics of violent death. London: Duke University Press.
10.1215/9780822384304 Google Scholar
- Wilbert, J. 2004. The order of dark shamans among the Warao. In N. Whitehead & R. Wright (eds) In darkness and secrecy: The anthropology of assault sorcery and witchcraft in Amazonia. London: Duke University Press.
- Wright, R.M. & B. Taylor 2009. Editors’ introduction: The religious lives of Amazonian plants. Special Issue. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture 3(1): 5–8.
10.1558/jsrnc.v3i1.5 Google Scholar